Python’s flexibility with dynamic attributes is one of its strengths, but sometimes you want to optimize memory usage and performance.

Enter __slots__, a feature that allows you to define a fixed set of attributes for your class, reducing memory overhead and potentially speeding up attribute access.

How It Works

Normally, Python objects are implemented as dictionaries for storing attributes, which can lead to higher memory consumption.

By defining __slots__ in your class, you instruct Python to use a more memory-efficient internal structure.

This is especially useful when you know the attributes a class will have ahead of time and want to avoid the overhead of a full dictionary.

Here’s a demonstration of how to use __slots__:

class Point:
    __slots__ = ['x', 'y']  # Define the allowed attributes

    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y


# Create a Point instance
p = Point(10, 20)

print(p.x)  # Output: 10
print(p.y)  # Output: 20

# Attempting to add a new attribute will raise an AttributeError
try:
    p.z = 30
except AttributeError as e:
    print(e)  # Output: 'Point' object has no attribute 'z'

# Output:
# 10
# 20
# 'Point' object has no attribute 'z'

In this example, __slots__ restricts the Point class to only the x and y attributes.

Attempting to set any attribute not listed in __slots__ results in an AttributeError.

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Why It’s Cool

Using __slots__ can lead to significant memory savings, especially when creating large numbers of instances, by eliminating the overhead of the attribute dictionary.

It can also improve attribute access speed.

However, be cautious: __slots__ can limit some dynamic capabilities of Python objects and may not be suitable for all use cases.

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